Throughout the narrative of American architecture, the contributions of Black architects have been significant, yet often overlooked. Despite being only 2% of licensed architects in the United States today, Black architects have designed some of the nation’s most iconic structures while breaking barriers in a field that historically excluded them. •

• Alonzo Robinson
• Paul Revere Williams
• Barack Obama
• Robert Moses

These architects have left a lasting impact on the nation’s built environment, often overcoming systemic obstacles to achieve excellence. The following sub-sections will explore the life and achievements of Alonzo Robinson and Paul Revere Williams, two of the most celebrated Black architects in American history.

Alonzo Robinson: Breaking Barriers in Milwaukee

Alonzo Robinson, the city of Milwaukee’s first Black architect, was a trailblazer in his field. After earning his degree from Howard University in 1951, Robinson established his practice during an era when most firms refused to hire Black professionals. His perseverance led to the design of numerous Milwaukee landmarks, including the Milwaukee Fire Department headquarters, Pilgrim Rest Baptist Church, Mr. Perkins’ Family Restaurant, and the Polish Association of America. Robinson’s work stands as a testament to excellence in the face of systemic obstacles. Despite the challenges he faced, he remained committed to his craft and continued to push boundaries, paving the way for future generations of Black architects.

Paul Revere Williams: A Career of Excellence

Paul Revere Williams, often called “Architect to the Stars,” had a remarkable career spanning nearly six decades and producing over 3,000 projects. Williams designed homes for Hollywood celebrities, including Frank Sinatra and Lucille Ball, while also creating public buildings like the Los Angeles International Airport Theme Building and Saint Jude Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee. Williams developed the ability to draw upside down so white clients uncomfortable sitting beside him could view his sketches from across the table—a stark reminder of the indignities he endured despite his extraordinary talent. This ability also showcased his creativity and adaptability, essential qualities for a successful architect.

The Path to Licensure Remains Challenging

Despite their achievements, the path to architectural licensure remains challenging for Black students and professionals. According to the National Organization of Minority Architects (NOMA), while Black students represent approximately 5% of architecture school enrollment, far fewer complete the rigorous licensing process, contributing to the profession’s persistent diversity gap. This issue is exacerbated by the lack of diverse role models and mentorship opportunities. As a result, many Black students and professionals lack the necessary support and guidance to succeed in the field.

Historically Black Colleges and Universities: Nurturing Black Architectural Talent

Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) have been vital in nurturing Black architectural talent. Howard University’s Department of Architecture, established in 1911, stands as the oldest continuously accredited architecture program at an HBCU. Other prominent programs exist at Florida A&M, Tuskegee University, Prairie View A&M, Morgan State, and Hampton University. These institutions have educated nearly half of all Black architects practicing in America. The success of these programs can be attributed to the dedication of faculty members and the resources provided to students.

The Legacy Continues

The legacy of these pioneers continues through organizations like NOMA, founded in 1971 to champion diversity in the profession and mentor the next generation of Black architects. Their work ensures that architecture—the most public of arts—will increasingly reflect the diversity of the communities it serves. As Milwaukee and cities across America look toward urban renewal and development, the inclusion of diverse voices in architectural planning becomes not just a matter of equity but of creating spaces that truly serve all citizens. The contributions of Black architects like Robinson and Williams remind us that when barriers to inclusion fall, American architecture—and society—are immeasurably enriched.

Conclusion

The narrative of American architecture is not complete without acknowledging the significant contributions of Black architects. Their perseverance, creativity, and determination have left a lasting impact on the nation’s built environment. As we look to the future, it is essential to recognize the importance of inclusion and diversity in architectural planning. By doing so, we can create spaces that truly serve all citizens, and the legacy of Black architects will continue to inspire future generations.